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With the progress of globalization, the public health emergencies represented by major infectious diseases have become a major challenge for the public health management in China. The article briefly describes the emergency response capability assessment tools in China, and introduces two emergency response assessment tools with complete content structure and wide application in the world. Then the advantages and disadvantages of the tools are compared and discussed in order to provide reference for improvement of the assessment tools for public health emergency response capability in China.
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Humans , China , Disaster Planning , Public Health , Public Health AdministrationABSTRACT
Renal artery thrombosis can cause acute occlusion of unilateral or bilateral renal arteries,and kidney failure would be induced if it is not diagnosed and treated in time.Therefore,rapid and correct treatment is especially important for renal artery thrombosis.Due to the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations,this disease in commonly misdiagnosed or missed and thus has a low early diagnosis rate.Here we report a case of acute renal artery thrombosis to improve the diagnosis and treatment.
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Humans , Acute Disease , Diagnostic Errors/adverse effects , Renal Artery , Renal Artery Obstruction/diagnosis , Thrombosis/etiologyABSTRACT
@#Objective To evaluate the quality of reporting of clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation.Methods A comprehensive retrieve was performed in electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, China Biology Medicine disc, Wanfang data, etc., from January 1, 2017 to January 11, 2020. Supplementary searches had been done on relevant websites. Two researchers reviewed literatures and assessed the reporting quality independently by using Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT), and any disagreements needed to be discussed in a consensus meeting.Results A total of 16 guidelines were included, with an average reporting rate of (44.8±27.9)%. Among the seven domains of RIGHT, basic information was reported the highest (57.3%), and evidence (31.3%) and other information (31.3%) was the lowest. The reporting rate was less as the guidelines published in China than in foreign contries (OR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.56-1.16), in original version than in update version (OR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.54-1.16); and higher as developed by various societies or associations than developed by non-societies or associations (OR = 1.15, 95%CI 0.82-1.61), however, no statistically significant difference was found in above comparisons.Conclusion Current clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation reported with low quality. It is proposed that future guideline developers should report guidelines after RIGHT statements, including key information and content, in order to improve the quality of reporting guidelines.
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@#Objective To evaluate the methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II.Methods Clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation were searched in databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang database, CNKI, China Biology Medicine disc and related websites from medlive.cn, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, World Health Organization, and Guidelines International Network from establishment to January 11, 2020. Two researchers reviewed literatures and assessed the methodological quality of the guidelines independently by using AGREE II; any disagreements needed to be discussed in a consensus meeting.Results A total of 84 guidelines were included in the study, with 67 foreign guidelines and 17 domestic guidelines. The average score rate for all the guidelines was 48.1%, in which 49.9% for the foreign guidelines and 40.7% for the domestic guidelines. In the six areas of AGREE II, the average score rate of the foreign guidelines was higher than that of domestic ones (|Z| > 2.034, P < 0.05), expect applicability; the average score rate of clarity and independence improved with the launch of AGREE Ⅱ ( Z > 2.130, P < 0.05). The average scores rate ranged from high to low followed as range and purpose (41.6%), clarity (39.9%), participants (24.5%), rigor (23.2%), independence (15.5%) and applicability (12.9%). Conclusion Clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation is mainly of low quality by AGREE II. Guideline developers need to work after AGREE Ⅱ standard in the future.
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@#Objective To analyze the development trends and issues of clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation.Methods Clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine disc, CNKI, Wangfang database, Medlive, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, World Health Organization and Guidelines International Network from establishiment to January 11, 2020. The number, publication date, distribution of countries, journals, institutions, subject areas and methods for developing guidelines of included literatures were analyzed. Results A total of 84 clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation were included, in which there were 17 published in Chinese and 67 in English. The top four countries that published rehabilitation guidelines were the United States (19 articles), China (17 articles), the United Kingdom (12 articles) and Canada (11 articles). The guidelines were developed mainly by the health professional societies and associations (49 articles). The main health conditions involved stroke (12 articles), cardiovascular disease (9 articles), shoulder joint injury (5 articles), pulmonary disease (5 articles) and spinal cord injury (5 articles). There were 35 guidelines expressiong evidence classification and recommendation intensity (42%), and 22 guidelines (26%) would update regularly.Conclusion Clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation focuse on neurological and musculoskeletal system diseases and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. There are relatively few published clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation. Most guidelines are based on literature review or expert opinions, while a few are evidence-based. It is proposed to implement standardized approaches to develop clinical practice guidelines of rehabilitation.
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Objective To investigate the change of serum matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) expression before,during,and after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and to investigate the prognostic role of MMP-9. Methods Forty carotid stenosis patients who underwent CEA in the Department of Vascular Surgery,Peking Union Medical College Hospital from February to September 2012 were enrolled in this study. Based on the findings of transcranial doppler monitoring,patients were divided into embolic-positive group and emboli-negative group. Serum samples were obtained from 40 consecutive patients undergoing CEA before operation (pre-op),before de-clamping,30 minutes after de-clamping,and 12 hours after operation (12-h post-op). MMP-9 expression was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gelatin zymography. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used to compare the differences between these two groups. Results Of these 40 patients,microemboli were detected in 8 patients. The 12-h post-op MMP-9 level was significantly higher than the pre-op level in the emboli-positive group [(904.27±369.47)ng/ml vs. (333.88±126.32) ng/ml,t=4.132,P=0.001].However,there was no difference between pre-op and 12-h post-op MMP-9 levels in the emboli-negative group [(375.83±194.36) ng/ml vs. (472.74±271.21) ng/ml,t=-1.643,P=0.081]. Gelatin zymography also showed higher MMP-9 activity in the emboli-positive group than in the emboli-negative group. Conclusion Serum MMP-9 concentration remarkably increases 12 hours after CEA in patients with microemboli shedding,suggesting MMP-9 may be a potential biomarker for CEA-related cerebral ischemic injury.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of proximal femoral locking plate (PFP) in treating osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures and to analyze the failure cases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 32 patients with osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures of Evans I and II were treated with improved locking PFP, including 17 males and 15 females with an average age of 77.3 years old ranging from 70 to 86 years old. After operation, according to Harris hip scores, the hip function and therapeutic effects were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The observed 32 patients' operative time was (60.5±15.7) min, intraoperative blood loss was (128.8±73.6) ml;perioperative blood transfusion was (224.0±72.7) ml. Hospitalization time was from 14 to 20 d with an average of 17.2 d. All patients were followed up from 6 to 18 months with an average of 14.1 months. The fracture healing time was from 3 to 6 months with an average of 3.1 months. One patient occurred internal fixation loosening and screw backward, 4 cases occurred urinary tract infection, 1 patient died of cardiovascular disease for 6 months postoperative, 2 patients died of a stroke for 1 year postoperative. No incision deep infection, peri internal fixation fractures, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, internal fixation breakage, nonunion, severe coax vara and coax valgus occurred. The final Harris score was 89.74±6.84, the result was excellent in 10 cases, good in 16 cases, fair in 4 cases, and poor in 2 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Locking PFP can provide relative stable fixation to proximal end of osteoporotic femoral fractures, which is a good choice for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. It could provide stableness of fractures and bone union, even avoid screws loose or slide out.</p>
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While presenting biological characteristics of vaccinia virus and laboratory-acquired infections during related research processes, this paper focuses on benefits and risks of vaccinia virus immunization in relation to laboratory-acquired infections, describes characteristics and the adaptation of vaccinia virus vaccine, analyses the role vaccinia virus immunization plays in the prevention and control of laboratory-acquired infections, and finally proposes solutions and countermeasures to further promote and implement immune control strategies. The problem related to immune strategy and laboratory- acquired infections which is being raised, analyzed and explored plays an active and instructive role in vaccinia virus related researches and laboratory- acquired infections, and also helps to recommend and develop relevant immune strategy for future vaccine control of such infections.
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Humans , Contraindications , Smallpox Vaccine , Vaccination , Reference Standards , Vaccinia , Allergy and Immunology , Vaccinia virus , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the incidence rates of both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in the high prevalent areas of Guizhou province so as to provide evidence for the development of programs on comprehensive intervention and effectiveness evaluation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six townships in Pingba county were selected as intervention areas while six townships in Kaiyang county were taken as control. All hospitals and clinics were classified into A, B and C types according to its level and the capacity of the blood culture. Surveillance on typhoid and paratyphoid fever was conducted based on all population and all hospitals, clinics and county CDCs among the patients with unknown fever.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the surveillance area in those two counties, there were 12 944 blood samples from patients with unknown fever which have been tested and cultured. Among them, 200 strains of Salmonella including 16 typhoid strains, 184 paratyphoid A strains were identified, with the total positive rate as 1.55%. The positive rate before the intervention program was higher than the after. The detection rate was 1.91% in the type A hospitals. 39 strains of Salmonella have been cultured from 2039 samples which accounting for 19.50% (39/200) of the total strains. 4315 blood samples were cultured at the 'Class B' sites which isolated 82 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 41.00% (82/200), with a detection rate as 1.90%. 6590 samples were cultured at the 'Class C' sites, which identified 79 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 39.50% (79/200), with a detection rate as 1.20%. The detection rate was much higher before the use of antibiotics than after using them (P < 0.05). The annual peak time of positive detection was in spring and fall. The outbreaks or epidemics often appeared in the same places, with farmers, students as the high-risk populations. Symptoms of both typhoid and paratyphoid fever were not typical.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Typhoid and paratyphoid monitoring programs which covered primary health care institutions in the high incidence area seemed to be effective in reflecting the pictures as well as the burden of both typhoid and paratyphoid.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Fever , Epidemiology , Incidence , Paratyphoid Fever , Epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Salmonella paratyphi A , Salmonella typhi , Typhoid Fever , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula (IF) contaminated with melamine, and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.</p><p><b>DESIGN</b>A total of 2 733 children < or = 3 years of age on September 1, 2008 in two townships of Gansu Province, China were studied. Cases of urolithiasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography. Milk product consumption was determined by their caregivers. Remaining IF samples were tested for melamine and cyanuric acid.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 2 733 eligible children in the two townships, 2 186 (80%) were enrolled in our study. Overall, 16.6% (362) of 2 186 children had urolithiasis. The prevalence was 24.6% in children exclusively fed Sanlu brand IF, 9.7% in those fed other IF, and 8.5% in those fed exclusively on other milk products. For children exclusively breast-fed, no urolithiasis was found (P < 0.05). The prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.4% in children fed 400 g of Sanlu IF, rising to 37.5% in children fed over 25 600 g. Of 48 Sanlu IF samples, 91.7% contained melamine (median = 1 800 ppm; range = 45-4 700) and 66.7% contained cyanuric acid (median = 1.2 ppm; range = 0.4-6.3). Melamine was also detected in 22.2% of 36 other brand IF (median = 27.5 ppm, range = 4-50).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Urolithiasis was associated with melamine-contaminated IF. Although one product caused most morbidity, other milk products may have also contributed to the outbreak.</p>
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Child, Preschool , Humans , Data Collection , Food Contamination , Infant Food , Triazines , Toxicity , UrolithiasisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To obtain a series of objective criteria associated with pharyngeal swallowing function using dynamic swallow study in Chinese adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Dynamic videofluoroscopic swallow studies were performed on 80 normal adult volunteers. There were 40 males and 40 females aged from 20 to 60 years old. Measurement software Avidemux 2.5 and Image J were used to measure the objective parameters which were closely related to the pharyngeal swallowing function in the swallowing process, such as maximum displacement of the hyoid bone (HmaxD), pharyngeal transit time (PTT), pharyngeal constriction ratio(PCR), and maximum opening of the esophageal entrance (EEmax).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 80 adults, the HmaxD, PTT, PCR, and EEmax were (1.91 ± 0.48) cm (x(-) ± s), (0.82 ± 0.15) s, 94.9% ± 3.41%, and (0.91 ± 0.05) cm respectively. The HmaxD of the male (2.04 ± 0.46) cm was significantly larger than that of the female (1.78 ± 0.47) cm (t = 2.44, P = 0.017), but the PTT, PCR, and EEmax had no significant difference between different gender and age groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Objective parameters of the HmaxD, PTT, PCR, and EEmax during swallowing are obtained in Chinese adults. These data are important for assessment of the swallow function and these data provide a foundation for further research on assessment of swallowing function in Chinese.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Deglutition , Physiology , Healthy Volunteers , Larynx , Physiology , Pharynx , Physiology , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Objective To clarify the seasonal and geographical difference and pathogen patterns so as to provide reference of prevention and control of the disease through analyzing the epidemical characteristics of reported hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)cases in China,2008-2009.Methods We analysed the epidemiological data of HFMD from the Chinese national notifiable infectious diseases reporting system in 2008 and 2009.Results There were 488 955 and 1155525 reported HFMD cases in 2008 and 2009,in China,of which 1165 and 13810 were severe and 126 and 353 were fatal,respectively.The notification rates were 50.09/10 million,68.47/10 million and 59.04/10 million in high,medium and low latitudes areas,respectively.The epidemic periods in Medium and Low latitude were from 12 to 24 weeks in 2009,and in high latitude it was from 23 to 35 weeks.HFMD cases were concentrated mainly in 5 year-old or even younger children,accounted for 92.23% of the total cases.The incidence rate of two years old appeared to be the highest.The features of severe and death case concentrated in lower age groups were more evident,and the proportion of severe case and case fatality rate under 1 vears old was higher than that in other age groups.We also noticed that with the increasing of age,the proportion of severe case and case fatality rate had a decreasing trend.There was a difference between the pathogens seen.The relative risk(RR)for an human enterovirus 71(HEV71)isolate was higher among severe case than in common cases(RR=1.82),whereas the RR for an EV71 isolate was higher among the death cases than in common cases (RR=2.11).There was seasonal variation of pathogen composition.There were 477 clusters of cases from 2008 to 2009,of which 389 found in preschools,47 in rural villages,outbreaks of clusters were mainly from April to July. Conclusion The HFMD epidemics was increasing in 2009.The epidemic of HFMD in different latitudes area and seasons was different.Children of five year old or under were the major population groups at risk,of HFMD.The younger ones had higher risk of becoming severe and death cases.HEV71 and coxsackievirus A16 were both the major etiologic agents of HFMD.The preschool and rural villages were the main senings of clusters of cases.
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Objective To evaluate the impact on the health status of population in the area where the ‘Three Gorges Reservoir Water Storage Project' had been operated and to provide references for the development of related disease control strategies.Methods In the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,17 towns/streets in nine counties were chosen as surveillance points.Data on surveillance program would include infectious diseases,birth,death,biological agents etc.Methods related to time and spatial analysis and the comparison on pre- and post- water storage were used to analyze and describe the long-term changing trend of meteorological index,distribution of biological agent and diseases,and human health status.Relationships between number of infectious diseases and media biological density and meteorological parameters were also analyzed.Results When the water storage program came into being in 2003,the indoor (2.22％) and outdoor (2.76％) densities of rats were significantly lower than pre-water storage period (indoor 4.38％ vs.outdoor 4.43％) and the annual average density of mosquito (35.09 mosquitoes per room and per hour) was also lower than before (54.24 mosquitoes per room and per hour).The incidence rates of encephalitis B,malaria,leptospirosis,and hemorrhagic fever had reduces 22.88％,84.85％,95.03％ and 81.82％ than before.The incidence rates of malaria,leptospirosis,and hemorrhagic fever were all below 0.4/100 000 and the incidence of encephalitis B was below 2/100 000.The average infant mortality was 11.83‰.The annual infant mortalities,after adjusted by missing report numbers,were between 13.07‰ and 23.88‰ which were lower than the national annual average level.The thirteen year standard mortalities were 3.77‰-5.12‰,with the total rate lower than the national average level in the same years.Conclusion In 2003,the incidence rates of malaria,encephalitis B,leptospirosis,epidemic hemorrhagic fever kept going down in the surveillance sites in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,and the overall population's health status was well enough to show that there was no negative impact on the health status of population living in the area after the water storage project was inplemented.
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Objective To compare the different surveillance system evaluation guidelines proposed by US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and WHO, so as to develop an evaluation strategy suitable for communicable disease surveillance systems in China. Methods Systematic collection and review on the guidelines that were proposed by US CDC and WHO.Situation analysis together with feasibility analysis were linked to the analysis of evaluation strategy used in China. Results US CDC guidelines were more appropriate for evaluating those single or appropriate for evaluating the multi-system or complicated system which focusing on data related to moment to start to evaluate the functions. Conclusion More flexible and comprehensive strategy based on national conditions is needed when constitute the national communicable disease surveillance evaluation guidelines. The multi-step strategy described in this article could be used as reference.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To sequence and analyze the complete genome of two new Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains isolated from mosquitoes collected in Hubei province in 2008, and to understand the molecular biological characteristics of JEV in this area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RT-PCR was used to amplify the fragments of HBZG08-09 strain and HBZG08-55 strain with 16 pairs overlapping primers after they had been recovered and identified, then the full-length genome was obtained by sequencing and splicing. Biological sequence alignment, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis and analysis of amino acid differences were performed by the software of Clustal X (1.83), MegAlign, Mega (4.0) and Genedoc (3.2).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genome of two new strains were both 10 965 nucleotides in length with a single open reading frame from 96 to 10 392 coding for a 3432 amino acid poly-protein, the homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequence between two isolates were 98.2% and 99.7% respectively. Further study showed that the new strains were both belonging to genotype I. Two new strains were most closely related to isolates obtained from Henan and Zhejiang province in recent years. Compared with the live attenuated vaccine strain SA-14-14-2 in China, HBZG08-09 strain had 82 amino acid divergence; HBZG08-55 had 84 amino acid divergences. But the amino acid difference occurred in sites were not the key ones affecting the toxicity or antigenic of JEV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Two new JEV isolates were both belonging to genotype I, and the key sites of amino acid were not changed.</p>
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Animals , China , Culicidae , Virology , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese , Classification , Genetics , Genome, Viral , Genotype , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral , Sequence AlignmentABSTRACT
Objective To acknowledge the epidemiology of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norobiruses and their genotypes. Methods Epidemiologic data and specimens were collected from 19 gastroenteritis outbreaks. 201 specimens were detected for norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus,adenovirus and sapovirus by RT-PCR methods and PCR products were sequenced. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed by Clustal X 1.83 and MEGA 4.0 programs.Results Noroviruses were one of the most predominant pathogens causing viral gastroenteritis outbreaks ( 12 of 19 outbreaks, accounting for 63.2% ). Variant G Ⅱ -4/2006b was the predominant strain responsible for 11 of the 12 NV-associated outbreaks. Other genotypes would include G Ⅱ -17,G Ⅱ -6 and G Ⅱ -3. The NV-associated gastrocnteritis outbreaks occurred mainly in winter and spring between December 2006 and April 2007. These gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses would involve all age groups in various locations. Meantime, 2 out of 12 outbreaks were caused by norovirus or other viruses. In addition, multiple viruses and multiple genotypes of noroviruses were found in the same outbreak. Conclusion Noroviruses were one of the most major pathogens causing gastroenteritis outbreaks while G Ⅱ -4/2006b variant was identified as the predominant strain in China.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To characterize the diarrheal patients with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infections and to set up the first baseline for S. typhimurium pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in Henan province, thus laying a foundation for comprehensive surveillance of Salmonella in human as well as foods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S. typhimurium isolates recovered from outpatients with diarrhea in Henan province from May to October of 2006 were characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of 8 antimicrobial agents and PFGE were carried out to analyze the S. typhimurium isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-four (0.9%) S. typhimurium isolates were identified from 2661 stool specimens of diarrheal cases. Eighty-eight percent of isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. The resistance to chloramphenicol (79%) was most common. Fifty-eight percent of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the 14 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were resistant to more than five antimicrobial agents. Thirty-three percent of S. typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). Eight antimicrobia-resistant phenotypes were found among the 24 isolates in 16 PFGE patterns.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rate of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium is relatively high in S. typhimurium PFGE patterns of Henan province. Multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium should be considered a public health threat.</p>
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Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Pharmacology , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Microbiology , Outpatients , Salmonella Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Salmonella typhimurium , ClassificationABSTRACT
Objective To understand the health status and potential impact resulted in the second stage of Three Gorges Reservoir Areas sluicing. Methods Data were collected on deaths, prevalence rates of infectious and endemic diseases, as well as on vector surveillance through the project entitled 'Three Gorges Population Health Survey System'. Results The main causes of death in the population living in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas would include: circulatory system diseases, tumors, respiratory system diseases, injuries/poison and digestive system diseases. The number of deaths caused by the above said five kind of diseases accounted for 90.94% of the total number of deaths. The prevalence rates on Water-born diseases related to the sluicing of reservoir and zoonosis-bome diseases related to the changes of vectors were still low. The indoor and outdoor densities of rodents were 3.11% and 3.16%, both were higher than that in 2006 but lower than the average numbers in the five years prior to the sluicing. The constituent ratio of Apodemus agrarius had constantly risen since 2006. The density of mosquitoes found in livestock barns and human households was higher than that in 2006 but lower than the average number of the five-year studies prior to the sluicing. Conclusion Environment change after the sluicing of the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas did not seem to have obvious impact on the health status of the people living in the areas. However, to strengthen the surveillance on the biological features of the vectors which might have related to the transmission of diseases would be highly recommended.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Through systematic monitoring of the number and strain types of O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae in the Pearl River estuary waters to analyze it's relevance with the temperature of environment, and the relevance between strains in water and isolates during outbreaks and epidemics as well as to estimate the methods used for environmental water detection and the potential role in cholera surveillance program.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four stations along the Pearl River were selected and the water samples were collected monthly from March 2006 to February 2007. V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains were isolated from the samples. Real-time PCR established in our laboratory was used to detect V. cholerae O1 and O139. Air temperature and water temperature were collected during sampling. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied in molecular typing of the isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>862 water samples were collected during the study period. A total number of 77 O1 and O139 V. cholerae were isolated in 67 water samples and the positive rates were 7.77% for isolation and 26.33% for real-time PCR. Seasonal trend of positive rates by month were approximately coincident with the change of water temperature. The positive rates in the stations in urban area were higher than those in other areas. Toxigenic O139 strains were found in one station located in downstream of a marine market. Most of the O1 and O139 isolates were non-toxigenic. No trend of seasonal variation of the strains was noticed. Within these 75 isolates, 49 PFGE patterns were identified and the patterns differed widely with the similarity of 57.4% - 100%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>V. cholerae existed as the natural habitat in estuary water of the Pearl River and showed obvious genetic diversity. Data from monitoring waters might show the separation of strains with certain seasonal association. But the crowd did not show the relationship between the infections. Results from water surveillance program might provide indicators on the appearance of cholera pathogen which might be used in assessing the environmental risk of cholera epidemics as well as the alert of cholera.</p>
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Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Environmental Monitoring , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seasons , Temperature , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Classification , Genetics , Vibrio cholerae O139 , Classification , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the pollution rates of vibrio cholera (V. cholera) in different seafood, aquatic products and their circulatory processes, so as to help making measures for cholera control and prevention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Different seafood, aquatic products and breed water specimen collected from 12 provinces of China were tested from July to September in 2005.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 12 104 samples of seafood and aquatic products were tested and the average pollution rate of vibrio cholera was 0.52%. The positive isolate rate of turtle sample (1.72%) was the highest among all samples. The second higher isolated rate was 1.14% in water specimen of turtle breed pool. The positive rate of bullfrog was 0.50%. The percentage of toxin strains was 47.54% and 79.31% of them were isolated from turtle and water samples of turtle breed pool. The important sector of the pollution of vibrio cholera was in turtle breed pool (2.38%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The average pollution rate of vibrio cholera in seafood and aquatic products in 12 provinces of China was low. It should be very necessary to supervise the sanitation in turtle breed for controlling and preventing the vibrio cholera.</p>